Following the Russian President's meeting with United States envoy Steve Witkoff in St Petersburg on Wednesday, the Kremlin said Putin had agreed to three-way discussions as soon as next month.
"Almost immediately after another round of talks, Russia launched a pointed attack," Zelenskiy said on the Telegram app on Thursday.
He said 21 ballistic missiles were launched at Kyiv in three waves, damaging infrastructure, residential and commercial buildings and killing at least two people.
"This means there has been no real change in its attitude toward everything that is happening," Zelenskiy said.
"It is important to keep trying to find the right solutions to end this war."
Earlier, he said Ukraine had received feedback that Russia supported a trilateral meeting at the negotiating teams level.
"The American side has proposed holding it as soon as possible and we support that...The Ukrainian side has been in contact with its American partners.
"They will do everything to ensure that the meeting takes place as early as possible, in November. I think no later than early November."
Zelenskiy said Kyiv supported "any proposals for a ceasefire, an end to the war, an energy ceasefire as well as humanitarian initiatives".
Witkoff met Putin a day after holding talks with Zelenskiy in Oslo amid concerns in Kyiv and among its allies that the US was backing away from Ukraine.
After the meeting, Kremlin foreign affairs adviser Yuri Ushakov told reporters the Russian leader had agreed "in principle" to resume trilateral talks after November 10.
No such talks have taken place since February.
Ushakov said the negotiations should focus on security guarantees for Russia and Ukraine after the conflict ends.
Witkoff's meetings suggested leaders are keen to bring new momentum to US-led peace efforts, more than four-and-a-half years after Russia's army invaded.
The meeting coincided with Russia releasing retired American teacher Stephen Hubbard, who had been jailed on charges of fighting as a mercenary in Ukraine.
It also came with Moscow's announcement it would resume exporting diesel to the US on Thursday, with 40,000 tonnes of fuel dispatched and more to follow.
Efforts by the Trump administration since early 2025 to end the war have made no significant progress, and Russia and Ukraine are still far apart in their terms for a settlement, as their armies remain locked on the battlefield and they pummel each other with daily long-range strikes.
Trump said on October 11 that Russia and Ukraine had agreed to a ceasefire in attacks on energy infrastructure but Russia has kept hammering Ukraine's power grid and Kyiv has hit Russian oil refineries.
After the Witkoff meeting, the Kremlin also said China was working to prepare a possible three-way summit with Putin, Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping in November during the APEC summit in China.
At the White House on Tuesday, Trump increased pressure on Zelenskiy to come to an agreement with Russia, with relations between the two men again soured.
"We want Zelenskiy to make a deal," Trump told reporters in the Oval Office.
"We've given a lot to Ukraine. We've gotten absolutely nothing back except grief, death, tremendous monetary loss."
With Reuters and EFE
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