"We believe this can happen by 2028," Michael Kratsios, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, said in a call previewing the moves and referring to the quantum computer.
Trump signed two executive orders on Monday, one of which seeks to protect government computers against quantum computer-fuelled cyber attacks by setting a goal of migrating key government computing systems to post-quantum cryptography by 2030 or 2031.
Quantum computers use the laws of quantum physics to process information in ways that can solve certain complex problems far faster than even today's supercomputers.
They could unscramble the encryption that protects computers from hacking, raising fears of aggressive cyber attacks.
The orders underscore the importance the Trump administration places on securing US leadership in the quantum race against China - which could fuel advances in artificial intelligence, materials science and chemistry - while also protecting against the cybersecurity threats posed by the technology.
The order also calls for the Pentagon to deploy quantum sensors by 2028.
Such sensors can help aircraft navigate in war zones where global positioning systems have been disrupted and, when put in satellites, could also be used to detect underground activity such as the construction of tunnels or missile silos from space.
"There's lots of interesting things quantum sensing can bring before quantum computing," said Matthew Kinsella, CEO of Infleqtion, who attended the signing of the order in the Oval Office.
"It's possible to meet these types of timelines."
Last month, the Commerce Department announced it would take $US2 billion ($A2.9 billion) in equity stakes across nine quantum-computing companies, including a new IBM venture.
One of the orders also aims to strengthen international co-operation on intellectual property protections and supply chain security measures "in light of competitors and adversaries looking to undermine US economic and national security," Kratsios said.
Another measure included in the package instructs agencies to develop plans for deploying quantum-enabled sensors and networks in the next five years.
