The US and Israel have launched a major attack on Iran, with President Donald Trump calling on the Iranian public to "seize control of your destiny" and rise up against the Islamic leadership that has ruled the nation since 1979.
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Some of the first strikes appeared to hit areas around the offices of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and Iranian media reported strikes nationwide, and smoke could be seen rising from the capital.
"When we are finished, take over your government. It will be yours to take. This will be probably your only chance for generations," Trump said in a video announcing "major combat operations" were under way.
"For many years, you have asked for America's help, but you never got it."
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu echoed that sweeping goal.
"Our joint operation will create the conditions for the brave Iranian people to take their fate into their own hands," Netanyahu said.
The strikes opened a stunning new chapter in US intervention in Iran and marked the second time in eight months the Trump administration has used military force against the Islamic Republic.
They came after tensions soared in recent weeks as American warships moved into the region, and Trump said he wanted a deal to constrain Iran's nuclear program at a moment when the country is struggling at home with growing dissent following nationwide protests.
Iran responded to the attacks as it had been threatening to do for months — first launching a wave of missiles and drones targeting Israel.
It followed with strikes targeting US military installations in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar. Shrapnel from an Iranian missile attack on the capital of the United Arab Emirates killed one person, state media said. The UAE and Iraq shut down their airspace.
Iran's Foreign Ministry issued a defiant statement, saying the country "will not hesitate" in its response.
In a statement posted on X, the ministry said: "The time has come to defend the homeland and confront the enemy's military assault."
Airstrikes killed five students at a girls' school, the first confirmed fatalities in Iran in the operation, according to the state-run IRNA news agency.
It reported the strike happened in the southern Iranian city of Minab, where Iran's paramilitary Revolutionary Guard has a base.
Trump, in justifying the military action, claimed Iran had continued to develop its nuclear program and plans to develop missiles to reach the US.
He also acknowledged there could be American casualties, saying "that often happens in war".
It was a notable call on Americans to brace themselves from a US leader who swept into office on an "America First" platform and vowed to keep out of "forever wars" that had bogged down his recent predecessors.
Trump's statement indicated the US was striking for reasons far beyond the nuclear program, listing grievances stretching back to the beginning of the Islamic Republic following a revolution in 1979 that turned Iran from one of America's closest allies in the Middle East into a fierce foe.
The US president said he was aiming to "annihilate" the Iranian navy and destroy regional proxies supported by Tehran.
He also called on the Iranian Revolutionary Guard to lay down its arms, pledging that members would be given immunity, while warning they would face "certain death" if they didn't.
Iran has said it hasn't enriched since June, but it has blocked international inspectors from visiting the sites America bombed during a 12-day war then.
Satellite photos analysed by The Associated Press have shown new activity at two of those sites, suggesting Iran is trying to assess and potentially recover material there.
Iran currently has a self-imposed limit on its ballistic missile program, limiting their range to 2000 kilometres.
That puts all the Mideast and some of eastern Europe in their range. There is no public evidence of Iran seeking to have intercontinental ballistic missiles, though Washington has criticised its space program as potentially allowing it to one day.
Iran had hoped to avert a war, but maintains it has the right to enrich uranium and does not want to discuss other issues, like its long-range missile program or support for armed groups like Hamas and Hezbollah.
Iranian media reported strikes nationwide. Roads to Khamenei's compound in downtown Tehran had been shut down by authorities as other blasts rang out across the capital.
In Tehran, witnesses heard the first blast by Khamenei's office. Iranian state television later reported on the explosion, without offering a cause.
More explosions struck Iran's capital after Israel said it was attacking the country.
Targets in the Israeli campaign included Iran's military, symbols of government and intelligence targets, according to an official briefed on the operation, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss non-public information on the attack.
Hours after the strikes, Iran's paramilitary Revolutionary Guard said it launched a "first wave" of drones and missiles targeting Israel, where a nationwide warning was issued as the military said it was working to intercept incoming Iranian missiles.
Meanwhile, Bahrain said a missile attack targeted the US Navy's 5th Fleet headquarters in the island kingdom. Witnesses heard sirens and explosions in Kuwait, home to US Army Central. Explosions could be also be heard in Qatar.
- with Reuters