The independent Institute for Science and International Security said imagery produced by Colorado-based Vantor showed two strikes on access points to the underground uranium enrichment plant at Natanz, which was hit by the US last June.
David Albright, a former UN nuclear inspector and founder of the institute, said the strikes appeared to have occurred sometime between Sunday afternoon and Monday morning local time, based on the satellite imagery his group reviewed.
He was unable to identify whether the US or Israel hit the Natanz complex, one of the main facilities of Iran's nuclear program.
He credited Ben Tzion Macales, an Israeli geo-analyst, as being the first to find satellite imagery of the Natanz strikes.
The US and Israel launched their air war against Iran early on Saturday, triggering Iranian retaliatory strikes around the region.
Albright's findings appeared to corroborate an earlier statement by Reza Najafi, Iran's envoy to the International Atomic Energy Agency, that Natanz was hit on Sunday.
Najafi was disputing a comment by IAEA chief Raphael Grossi, who said there was no sign that any nuclear site had been hit.
Albright said it was likely that Grossi had relied on imagery produced before the pictures obtained by his institute.
The IAEA did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The White House and US Central Command also did not immediately respond.
Iran's nuclear program is among the reasons Israel and the US have given for the attacks, alleging Iran was getting too close to being able to make a nuclear bomb. Iran has repeatedly denied seeking a nuclear arsenal.
Albright's report said Vantor's imagery showed that three buildings at Natanz had been destroyed.
Two were personnel entrances to two underground halls housing thousands of centrifuges, machines that enrich uranium for use in power plants or weapons depending on the duration.
Even though the halls were rendered inoperable by the US attack in June, the strikes could indicate that the halls still contained "recoverable centrifuges" or other related equipment, the report said.
The third building destroyed covered the only vehicle access ramp to the underground halls, it said.
Grossi said in a statement to a meeting of the IAEA's 35-nation board of governors that the agency had no indication that "any of the nuclear installations ... have been damaged or hit".
Moments after Grossi's remarks, Najafi told reporters outside that Natanz had been attacked.
"Again they attacked Iran's peaceful, safeguarded nuclear facilities yesterday," Najafi said. Asked by Reuters which facilities were hit, he replied: "Natanz".
While the IAEA's crisis-response centre has been unable to reach Iran's nuclear regulatory authorities, there has been some contact with Iranian officials, Grossi told a press conference.
"We are, of course, in conversation with Iran, but at the moment, it's very limited. Until last Thursday, it was very intense," he said, adding that while the IAEA has no staff in Iran at the moment, it is watching satellite images closely.
Tehran has not let the IAEA return to its bombed facilities since they were attacked in June.
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