Interior Minister Gerhard Karner said six of those killed at the school were female and three were male.
Graz hospital later confirmed the death of a 10th person.
Karner said another dozen people had been injured but gave no further details about the victims.
Austrian media said most were pupils.
Police said they believed the 21-year-old Austrian shooter, who was found dead in a bathroom, had been operating alone when he entered the school with two guns and opened fire.
His motive remained unclear.
Chancellor Christian Stocker called the shooting a "dark day in the history of our country".
"There are no words for the pain and grief that we all - all of Austria - are feeling right now."
Stocker travelled to Graz where, at a press conference alongside officials including Karner, he announced three days of mourning.
A minute's silence was set for 10am on Wednesday.
The Kronen-Zeitung newspaper said police had found a farewell note from the shooter at his home.
The paper did not say what it contained and police were not immediately available to comment.
More than 300 police were called in after shots were heard about 10 am at the school, for pupils of age 15 and above.
Ambulances also arrived within minutes as the premises were cordoned off.
The Salzburger Nachrichten newspaper said in an unconfirmed report that the suspect, armed with a pistol and a shotgun, had opened fire on pupils in two classrooms, one of which had once been his own.
It said he had been a victim of bullying.
Police said investigations into a motive were continuing.
Julia Ebner, an extremism expert at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue think-tank, said the incident appeared to be the worst school shooting in Austria's post-war history.
Foreign leaders including German Chancellor Friedrich Merz expressed shock.
Austria has one of the most heavily armed civilian populations in Europe, with an estimated 30 firearms per 100 people, according to the Small Arms Survey, an independent research project.
with AP
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